Challenges Facing The Human Resource Department - 1314 Words

Introduction of the Issue: As international businesses become more common and globalization continues to boom, many challenges face the Human Resource Department. With employees and business spanning over many countries, continents and hemispheres, businesses will face cultural diversity, technology reliance, and many other risks that go along with international businesses. Human Resource departments have been forced to become more knowledgeable in the hiring, training and retention of managers in international businesses due to these challenges. HR should first learn how best to train managers, and then utilize the following best practices to implement the training and development of managers in international business. Training Training managers is the outlying part of each best practice Human Resources must implement. To train well, HR must find the best way to go about training managers, which may be in various locations and from a broad range of cultures. In the article titled, â€Å"Multicultural Work Force,† training is explained in two forms, awareness training and skill building. Awareness training is broader and aimed at increasing a manager’s self-awareness with situational exercises. These exercises will show employees how they think, manage and act when challenges emerge. After seeing the results, HR can directly work on areas needing improvement to best equip the managers in solving challenges. Skill building is directly looking at cultural norms for specificShow MoreRelatedDescribe How Businesses Should Manage Organizational Changes710 Words   |  3 Pagesexecutives to overlook certain challenges. One of the most notable has been the firms inability to deal with issues of discr imination, harassment and employee termination. This problem has become such an issue, that the company settled several discrimination lawsuits. (Hirsch, 2007) (Fed Ex Age Discrimination Issues, 2007) (Prescription for Federal Express Workers, 2009) To deal with these challenges their needs to be a transformation inside the Human Resources Department. They have the responsibilityRead MoreManagement of Human Service Programs1311 Words   |  5 PagesManagement of human service programs 1.Develop at least one process evaluation measure and at least on outcome evaluation measure that you suggest for the Consultation and Education (CE) Department at Greenby Community Mental Health Center (Greenby) to display the programs effetiveness and efficiency. The department is facing the problem of losing funds for their operation. Accessing the needs for the human service programs is significant in evaluating the success of the program. It involvesRead MoreHuman Resource Management : A Theoretical Perspective1241 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management in 21st Century: A Theoretical Perspective Dr.Sushma Tiwari,Faculty,Deptt.of MBA(HRD),A.P.S.University,Rewa(M.P.) ABSTRACT- This article focuses upon role of human resource management practice in 21st century. This theoretical paper is aiming the importance of human resource managers, HR practices and its influencing factors. In addition to that, this article also elaborates the upcoming challenges which are faced by 21st century HR managers. Author has conducted HR literatureRead Morethe biggest challenges and biggest opportunities facing new managers entering industry883 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ In the current economic climate, what are the biggest challenges and biggest opportunities facing new managers entering industry? Full reference 1 Department for Business (2012) ‘Leadership Management in the UK - The Key to Sustainable Growth’ [online] available from [05 November 2013] Source type This paper has been written by the Department for Business, Innovation Skills Leadership and Management Network Group (LMNG). Key contributors include Petra Wilton and Patrick Woodman ofRead MoreStaffing Problems Of The Virginia State Police Department Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagesstaffing challenges. However, the difference lies in the manner a company reacts to staffing issues. Staffing issues can be internal, external, or both. In addition, the intensity levels of the issues may vary from company to company. Recently, the Virginia State Police suffered from several staffing issues. This paper will address the specific staffing concerns with the Virginia Police Department, the ineffectiveness of the situation illustrated in the article, and ways the police department couldRead MoreEssay Human Resources Challenge978 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources is an important department with in many larger companies and one that is greatly needed for such functions as; hiring, firing, insurance, and public relations. While in the past Human Resources has been able to operate with little friction from any outside influences, it would seem over the years some new challenges for this department have complicated their fairly standard sets of operations. These challenges while difficult to deal with are may not be enough to break down the functioningRead MoreHuman Resource Challenges Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesof the human resource department in any organization is to conduct job analyses, plan job labor and recruit candidates, orientation and training of employees, performance appraisal, management of salaries and wages, providing incentive and benefits as well as communicating with management and employees (Dessler, 2011, p.2). Amid this myriad of responsibility they must still face exorbitant challenges that engulf them also. Two of the challenges that are facing many human resource departments acrossRead MoreThe Human Resource ( Hr )1655 Words   |  7 Pages The human resource (HR) in an organization deals with the day to day operations of the human resources department. The HR department deals with business law, compensation, employee relations, benefits, medical and the like. HR focuses on whom the organization hires, whom the organization fires and remediation to employees who need discipline and retooling to continue their employment. The functions of the HR department in my organization include: recruiting and retaining talent, performance managementRead MoreThe Human Resource ( Hr )1572 Words   |  7 Pages The human resource (HR) in an organization deals with the day to day operations of the human resources department. The HR department deals with business law, compensation, employee relations, benefits, medical and the like. HR focuses on whom the organization hires, whom the organization fires and remediation to employees who need discipline and retooling to continue their employment. The functions of the HR departme nt in my organization include: recruiting and retaining talent, performanceRead MoreHuman Resources Management Importance, Benefits And Effects Of The Organization918 Words   |  4 PagesSUBJECT: Human Resources Management Importance, Benefits and Effects in the Organization. 1. Purpose: The purpose of this memorandum is to outline and defend the benefits of having a Human Resources Management (HRM) in Green’s Hospitals. Green’s Hospital is a leading medical facility that is facing some human capital challenges. A Human Resources Department will help the stake holders and the board of direct 2. HRM practices can help the hospital to deal with the competition in the following

Essay on Parental Expectations in Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet Parental Expectations Parental expectations are basically the way parents expect their kids to live their lives. The definition of expectation is â€Å"the act of expecting; to have a prospect of future good or profit†. Parents often expect their kids to be perfect. By this I mean make all the right decisions, do everything the way the parents want it to be done, and live up to their parents standards. I don’t always agree with a lot of today’s parental expectations because some parents try to benefit themselves instead of the kids. In this essay, I will describe parental expectations from today and from the play Romeo and Juliet. I will link some of the examples of expectations to movies, or real life scenarios.†¦show more content†¦Kids have dreams of their own, too. Another situation in society today is that kids are expected to follow in their parents footsteps. Some parents that own companies expect their children to take over one day without ever asking the child’s thoughts on the idea. An example of this situation is from the movie Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. There is an elf named Hermey. Like all other elves in the North-Pole, Hermey is expected to make toys for all the children around the world. There is one problem; Hermey doesnt want to make toys. Hermey wants to be a dentist. After hearing this, the head elf gets very angry at Hermey. Hermey is known as a misfit due to his choice and he later runs away to not have to make toys anymore and to learn more about being a dentist. It is important to always ask your children what they think of certain things and what they want in life instead of just expecting or assuming what they want without their consent. Expectations put a lot of pressure on kids and it would just be easier on them to let them make their own decisions (but still guide them in the right path). Parental Expectations in Romeo and Juliet In the play Romeo and Juliet, the parents expect hatred between both families. Growing up, the Montagues were always taught to hate the Capulets and the Capulets were always taught to hate the Montagues. The kids were always told that the other family is a bad family and that they would neverShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Parents In Romeo And Juliet906 Words   |  4 Pagesthese two extremes. In the play The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, parents greatly impact their children’s lives. While the parents in the play do not control every aspect of the youth’s lives, they still affect a large proportion. Long-term parental relationships play a huge role in children’s lives while short-term friendships and romantic relationships are affected by parental relationships in life and in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. The relationship betweenRead MoreComparing Relationships in Romeo and Juliet and Great Expectations892 Words   |  4 PagesThe familial relationship between Juliet and her father, Lord Capulet, is quite ambivalent. It is very much affected by prominent views of the public such as patriarchy. In the medieval world of Verona in Elizabethan England, fathers were entirely in charge the household as they were viewed as dominate and more powerful. In the beginning, Lord Capulet is illustrated to be concerned that marriage to the â€Å"Gallant† and â€Å"noble† County Paris is too sudden for his daughter. My child is yet a strangerRead MoreThe Opening Monologue Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe opening monologue of Romeo and Juliet gives us background information on the setting, the two main characters Romeo and Juliet, their families, and foreshadows the major conflict of this play that ends in tragedy. During Act I, the play progresses more in depth of the conflict. The brawl in the beginning shows on a small scale a long-lasting repugnance between the two families. It is essential to note that the fight between the Montagues and Capulets explodes first among the servantsRead MoreThe Treatment of Women in Romeo and Juliet Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pageswrote Romeo and Juliet in the 16th century, at a time where the role of the woman was to be subservient to men and act as a wife to their husband and a mother to their children. Women were expected to conform to the expectations of society, and were seen as possessions by their fathers and husbands. Fathers arranged their daughters’ marriages, usually for financial or social gain for the family. In Romeo and Juliet, the unfair treatment of women is conveyed through characters such as Juliet, a youngRead MoreTo Explore and Examine the Different Forms of Love Within Romeo and Juliet1908 Words   |  8 PagesRomeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare as a play for the theatre. William Shakespeare took his idea from an Italian folk story and is heavily influenced by sonnets which where developed by Francesco Petrarch an Italian poet. Shakespeare took most of his inspiration for Petrarch for demonstrating love with in the poem. William Shakespeare wrote most his plays with three main themes. These themes are gang warfare, Young love and a moral in the tale. William Shakespeare is now widelyRead MoreDecision-making Process of Teens786 Words   |  3 PagesTeens often have questionable decisions, baffling adults with how they had come up with those choices. The effects of peers, emotions, and parents in a teen’s decision process. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare, teens displayed sudden decisions without the thought of consequences. Teenagers get the opportunity to test their abilities through risks to discover themselves. Decisions do not appear automatically, stemming from a series of events taken place in the brainRead MoreThe Theme of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theme of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Love, or a lack of it, is a very central theme in Romeo and Juliet and often is the root of many arguments in the play. It is very difficult to group love as just one thing as there are many versions of it. A love which the capulets particularly, seem to possess is a love of material possessions and power. For example, the Capulet ball (and subsequent plans for the marriage) is an indication of wealthRead More Criticism of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesCriticism of Romeo and Juliet In Romeo and Juliet, love serves as the tragedy. According to critic Denton J. Snider, love, the emotion of the Family, in its excess destroys the Family; though it be the origin and bond of the domestic institution, it now assails and annihilates that institution. The love of Romeo and Juliet for one another, not only destroys their families, but ultimately destroys them as well. Their love and devotion for one another causes them to rebel against the institutionRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet527 Words   |  2 PagesRomeo and Juliet’s relationship is prohibited because of societal customs during the period in which the play is set. Their love for each other is forbidden because of their feuding families, which is out of Romeo and Juliet’s direct control for the entirety of the play. There are many roadblocks in their relationship, ranging from their families to the society they live in. In Shakespeares writing, Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare advocates that the barriers in play by political and social expectationsRead More Compare how Shakespeare and Hardy present the role of their tragic1760 Words   |  8 PagesCompare how Shakespeare and Hardy present the role of their tragic heroines within society in Romeo and Juliet and Tess of the D’Urbervilles? Shakespeare’s Juliet, of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ and Hardy’s ‘Tess of the D’Urbervilles’ share many characteristics which make them tragic heroines. Their individual battles with their societies, and their distorted moral codes and prejudices, toughens their spirits and reinforces their determination to succeed and reach their personal goals. In their

Treatment and Pathogenesis of Hyperkalemia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Treatment and Pathogenesis of Hyperkalemia. Answer: Introduction: The common causes of hyperkalemia are: kidney dysfunction, a shift of potassium out of the cells into the blood, and excessive intake of potassium supplements ( Mushiyakh et al., 2012). Mushiyakh et al.(2012) state that kidneys excrete potassium, and conditions such as chronic renal failure, can cause impairment of the kidney functions leading to hyperkalemia. When the functions of the kidney are impaired, the potassium ions excreted in the urine are reduced. The reduction in the amounts of potassium ions is caused by a decreasing rate of glomerular infiltration. When the rate of glomerular infiltration reduces, the ability of the body to regulate potassium ions is weakened. When there is decreased excretion of potassium ions, there is a potential influx of potassium ions in the body leading to a risk of hyperkalemia ( Mushiyakh et al., 2012). According to Elliot, Ronksley, Clase, Ahmed Hemmelgarn (2010), in the department of emergency, continuous monitoring of the electrocardiograph is performed. Potassium levels should also be measured at intervals of two hours. In case the patient is on potassium drugs, discontinuation should be done immediately. If the hyperkalemia is severe, treatment should commence before investigating the underlying cause. Treatment is personalized depending on the levels of potassium, the patient's presentation of the disease, and the findings of the electrocardiograph. For instance, patients with moderate hyperkalemia may require only the secretion of potassium ions to be enhanced (Elliot, Ronksley, Clase, Ahmed Hemmelgarn, 2010). Explicit loss of potassium ions can only be accomplished by dialysis, cations exchange resins or increasing the renal excretion. Over correction of potassium amounts should also be monitored. Hyperkalemia patients need close and individualized monitoring since hyperkalemia is manifested differently in each patient. Some patients are symptomatic; others are asymptomatic, others present mild hyperkalemia, while others have severe hyperkalemia (Elliot, Ronksley, Clase, Ahmed Hemmelgarn, 2010). References Elliott, M., Ronksley, P., Clase, C., Ahmed, S., Hemmelgarn, B. (2010). Management of patients with acute hyperkalemia.Canadian Medical Association Journal,182(15), 1631-1635. https://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100461 Mushiyakh, Y., Dangaria, H., Qavi, S., Ali, N., Pannone, J., Tompkins, D. (2012). Treatment and pathogenesis of acute hyperkalemia.Journal Of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives,1(4), 7372. https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v1i4.7372

The Invention of Lying free essay sample

Invention of Lying Henry Wadsworth Longfellow said, â€Å"Silently, one by one, in the infinite meadows of heaven, blossomed the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of the angels. † There has been a lot of talk about heaven over the years. Many people who have claimed that they know what heaven is like or what we experience when we die. While this can be comforting to some, it raises questions of how they could know given the fact that one would have to either be a prophet of God or someone who has actually been there. In the Universal Pictures movie, The Invention of Lying, Mark Bellison is a man who claims to know what happens when we die. He fabricates these images for the comfort of his dying mother. His satirical dialogue on the topic jokingly mocks the parallels from the bible as well as ideas that mainstream religious â€Å"prophets† claim to know. We will write a custom essay sample on The Invention of Lying or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That being said, how do we really know what to believe? Are there prophets sent by God who know? Are there people who have been to heaven? Newsweek Magazine and a book titled, â€Å"90 Minutes in Heaven† suggest yes. Mark’s character in this movie is a nerdy single guy just trying to make it in the world. When he is down on his luck, he experiences a â€Å"switch† in his conscience that allows him to be able to lie. Prior to his shift where he begins to use it more for his own personal gain, we see him using this for others like the lonely people in his mother’s nursing home and those who are homeless. On the night that his mother takes a turn for the worst, Mark is upset to see his mother so frightened of death. Her fears of â€Å"falling into an eternity of nothingness† (Invention of Lying, Universal Pictures, 2010) prompts him to ease her fears by telling her, â€Å"You are wrong about where you go after you die. You don’t have an eternity of nothingness. You go to your favorite place and everyone that you ever loved will be there. You will be young again and you can dance. Everyone gets a mansion, to live out their eternity in happiness. †(Invention of Lying, Universal Pictures, 2010) To see her fear ease allows Mark to deal with her death. While this makes for great reviews with the box-office, there are actual stories that correspond with this ideology, minus the mansions of course. In the book, 90 Minutes in Heaven Reverend Donald Piper was struck head on by a semi-truck driven by a Texas Department of Corrections inmate. Paramedics declared him dead at the scene. In his book Piper goes on to highlight his experience in heaven citing that while he did not see Jesus Christ, he did see many of his congregation members who were committed to their faith and to God, those who had been in parts of his life and that he heard people singing numerous songs praising God. He speaks of a change in his mind where he was unable to think of bad thoughts or sad things and that he caught a glimpse of the gates of heaven, which he describes as â€Å"pearl white†. While this was going on, another minister, Reverend Dick Onrecker came to the scene and was permitted to sit in the car with Piper’s body. While he sat there he began to sing, â€Å"What a Friend We Have in Jesus†. Shockingly, Piper began to sing along. The paramedics got him out of the vehicle and to the hospital where he recovered. This is not the first flirtation with what we can expect in heaven. As the movie progresses people gather outside of Bellison’s apartment waiting for information on what happens when they die. As he emerges, his prophetic satire takes over. He speaks of the man in the sky and how he controls everything. While from an atheistic standpoint, he is mocking religion and how gullible Christians appear to be, at least he got most of it right. God does control everything, who lives, who dies etc, but what he missed in his understanding is that God created us to make our own choices. He does not decide what pair of pants we put on in the morning or whether or not we choose to rape and murder. He created us pure, and it is up to us to stay that way. He designed us for mistakes and sin, but it is up to us to accept our individual wrongdoings and ask for forgiveness. Where the movie lays claim to â€Å"the man in the sky may do bad stuff to us, but he makes up for it in the good place† (Invention of Lying, Universal Pictures, 2010) is along the right principle, they are essentially, correct, it is like a test; a test to deem us worthy of heaven. What makes us worthy of heaven? According to the movie it is simply, not doing bad things. For life in the real world sometimes those answers are not so clear cut. According to the book, Heaven: Our Fascination With the Afterlife, people can agree on one thing, that heaven is the good place you go after death as a reward for struggle and faithfulness on earth. Author, Lisa Miller, explains that people have very common conceptions of heaven, and that many are looking to reunite with loved ones who have gone before them. She goes on to outline that while there is no clear-cut answer to what guarantees our ticket to heaven, as long as you are a believer, upon your passing your soul will â€Å"leave your body to attach itself to God. † (Miller, Newsweek. com) This theory does not â€Å"wash† for everyone. Philosophers and rationalists do not buy into the theories of the soul and heaven. Miller goes on to suggest that resurrection deniers and those who believe in the afterlife take an â€Å"alternate route†. This battle for knowledge of heaven and progressive’s beliefs that it does not exist leaves much room for debate. The age old war between philosophy and logic versus that of religion and the belief of one omnibenevolent power leaves many lost. While the parallel and insinuation that lying and belief in God go hand in hand, this movie portrays how it also goes to show how powerful religion and faith can actually be. Prior to Mark’s ability to lie, the people in this movie seemed to be very dull and boring. Almost like ants just doing the same thing all day then repeating it the next day. However, after Bellison introduces â€Å"The Man in the Sky† people seem to be more enthusiastic about life and how they live it. This is a clear example of how God can affect our day to day lives. There is comfort and excitement in knowing that He is looking out for us and helping us lead our lives in a fulfilling and good way. What many fail to see is that despite the fact that Mark eventually begins to use his â€Å"gift† of lying for his own personal gain, the â€Å"Man in the Sky† helps him to become a better person. He is able to see others for more than their surface attributes but on a deeper level. This is evident during the scene in the park where he is talking to Anna. He has the opportunity to lie to her when she asks if being rich and famous changes your genetic make-up. He could have lied but he didn’t because he knew it would be wrong and because he loved her. With this bizarre way of attempting to mock religion, for me, they opened a pantheon of possibilities and thoughts of heaven and my faith. With all of the debate over whether or not heaven truly exists and what we can expect to find there, this movie made me realize the power that movies have on things such as this. Whether or not we believe in God or an organized religion, people take comfort in the thought of heaven; of a good place after we die. Perhaps not as many movies would portray it to be, laden with gold and silver over every cloud, Seraphim singing to those entering the â€Å"pearly gates† but rather a place for our souls to spend eternity. According to several polls done, almost every one wants ultimately to go to heaven. According to the Newsweek article, Heaven Help Us, many people, when asked about heaven, describe it according to things they have seen in movies related to heaven or death. Others strictly go by biblical passages or by magnificent images painted by evangelical ministers highlighting how supporting the church monetarily will get them into heaven. Author, Lisa Miller, explains that often directors have issues dealing with heaven, â€Å"It is, by tradition and in the popular imagination, a place of supernatural hyperbole. It represents whats most beautiful, most just, most perfect, most true. † (Heaven Help Us, Newsweek) Miller explains that the most profitable movies with a theme of heaven focus on only one aspect, much like that of The Invention of Lying.

Demand and Supply for Financial Assets Essay Example

Demand and Supply for Financial Assets Essay Demand and Supply for Financial Assets Mishkin ch. 5: Bonds †¢ Motivation: Monetary policy works primarily by manipulating interest rates. Interest rates are determined by the demand and supply for bonds. Demand and supply for other financial assets are determined similarly. †¢ Perspectives on the bond market: 1. Bonds as financial assets = Determinants of Asset Demand. †¢ Bond demand affected by relative risk, relative liquidity, and wealth. †¢ Asset pricing (Finance) issues. Instantaneous responses to news. 2. Saving and Borrowing = Real Factors. Bond market matches savers and borrowers, affected by their behavior. †¢ Macro issues: Real savings/investment. Takes time. 3. Liquidity Preference †¢ View bonds as alternative to holding money. Affected by monetary changes. †¢ Special issues: Flexible versus â€Å"sticky† prices. DEFER. †¢ Application: Money Interest Rates †¢ Mishkin provides survey. Needs more analysis – Star t reading the lecture notes. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 1] Perspective #1: Bonds as Financial Assets †¢ General Finance Question: What determines the demand for financial assets? . Expected return (+) 2. Risk (-) 3. Liquidity (+) 4. Wealth (+) Applies to all financial assets. Bonds as example. †¢ The Demand Curve for Bonds †¢ Remember â€Å"High price Low yield†. Implies downward sloping demand function. †¢ Demand function shifts if bonds’ risk or liquidity change. †¢ Demand is relative shifts if return, risk, or liquidity on other assets change. †¢ Note: Bond market responds quickly to financial news, to any news relevant for determining the return, risk, or liquidity of bonds relative to other assets. Time horizon: Instantaneous (within seconds). [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 2] Demand for other financial assets †¢ Same arguments as for bonds: Downward sloping, because â€Å"higher Price lower expected return† logic applies to all financial assets, provided the asset’s payment stream remains unchanged. Shifting down/left when risk increases. Shifting up/right when liquidity increases. Examples: Stocks, mutual funds, real estate, gold, investments abroad. Similar for equity-type assets, except future payments are uncertain New element: Unexpected new information about payments shift the demand curve †¢ Example: Stock with expected value next year $100 More demand now at $80 than at $90 = Downward sloping demand curve. Suppose the expected value next year rises to $120: Demand at $96 (20% discount) is similar to previous demand at $80 = Shift right/up in the demand curve †¢ Special factor for long-term bonds: Rising interest rate before maturity would reduce the price = Reduce the return = Expected increases in interest rates reduce the demand for long-term bonds. Mishkin ch. 5 P. 3] Wealth as Demand Factor: Caution †¢ Basic point: More wealth = More demand for all financial assets. †¢ Co ntrast wealth with the demand factors that affect relative values: Demands for different financial assets are negatively related when relative returns, relative risks, and relative liquidity levels shift. Demands for different financial assets are positive related when wealth changes. †¢ Wealth can change in two ways: 1. New savings. 2. Re-valuation. Re-valuation is a distraction (or even misleading): Not a source of new demand. Example: Hold 100 bonds @100 = $10,000 wealth. If price rises to $110 = Wealth $11,000. Will demand increase? Demand from existing wealth is still 100 bonds. New savings must come from real activity = Surplus of income over spending. New savings take time: NOT an instantaneous factor = Creates dynamics. Purchasing power of wealth is eroded by inflation = Real returns (after inflation) determine the incentives to save †¢ Lessons for applications: Source of wealth changes is savings. Savings raise all asset demands. Quantity axis in diagrams = Number of securities or their face value (not $ value). [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 4] The supply of bonds and other financial assets †¢ Simple: the supplier/issues of securities defines the market! Treasury bond market = supply by U. S. Treasury Market for Microsoft stock = supply by Microsoft †¢ Supply incentives in the primary market: 1. Need for funds: Private: Profitability of capital investments. Public: Level of government bu dget deficits. 2. Cost of borrowing: Borrow more if the cost is low = upward-sloping supply curve. Inflation reduces the real value of debt = Real returns (after inflation) determine the incentives to issue securities †¢ Secondary market: Fixed supply except for buyback/new issues. = Steep or vertical supply curve. †¢ Mishkin’s demand supply diagrams: generic up/down slopes [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 5] Demand Supply = Equilibrium Price and Volume †¢ For bonds: Exact price-yield relationship (Example: F=1000) †¢ For all financial assets: High price tends to imply low future returns. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 6] We will write a custom essay sample on Demand and Supply for Financial Assets specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Demand and Supply for Financial Assets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Demand and Supply for Financial Assets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Applications: Predict the Effect of Changes †¢ Reasons why bond demand may shift †¢ Reasons why bond supply may shift †¢ Scenarios that involve shifts in demand and supply: Business cycles Inflation: The Fisher Effect †¢ In each case: Task: Determine the impact on prices and quantities. Ask additional questions: What’s the time horizon? What’s the likely impact on other markets, e. g. , the stock market? †¢ Alternative view: Loanable Funds analysis (see Online Appendix5#1) Supply of securities = Demand for financing Demand for securities = Supply of funds to financial markets. Helpful way to think about markets, but not required for exams. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 7] Summary: Factors that shift the Demand for Bonds [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 8] Summary: Factors that shift the Supply for Bonds [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 9] Notes on Mishkin’s Examples (1) †¢ About higher expected interest rates: Higher yield expected = Lower expected return = Declin e in demand = Reduced price = Yield rises immediately. Lesson: Rational investors act on expectations. Markets move when information arrives that changes investor expectations. About the slopes of demand and supply curves: Demand: Depends on how easily investors can go elsewhere when prices rise: For a specific bond relative to others: Essentially horizontal/very flat. For bonds as an asset class: Elastic/flat. Investors can substitute to stocks etc. For bonds as reflecting the supply of savings: Quite inelastic/steep. Consumptionsavings decisions are not highly sensitive to interest rates. Supply: usually inelastic/steep. New issues are small relative to outstanding quanties of identical or similar securities. Relevance of slopes: Steeper vs. flatter Larger vs. smaller price changes. [Exam: Generic slopes okay. But remember for real-world applications. ] [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 10] Notes on Mishkin’s Examples (2) †¢ About the time horizon and level of aggregation: Ins tructive to separate two sets of issues: 1. Allocation of existing financial assets: Instantaneous: Supply is well-approximated by a vertical line. Pricing is relative to other financial assets. Economic arguments involve relative return, risk, liquidity (nothing else). In equilibrium, all financial assets must attract investors = Must offer the same risk- and liquidity-adjusted return. 2. Flows of savings and capital investment: Takes time: New demand and supply more important relative to existing financial assets the more time passes. Savings are unspecific: Savers will invest in any savings vehicles that pays the equilibrium return: Markets clear at the aggregate level. Equilibrium return must match aggregate flow of funds into financial markets with total demand for funds from issuers of securities. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 11] Scenario: Business Cycle Expansion †¢ Shifts in Demand and Supply: Higher incomes. Real capital investment is more profitable. [Caution: Distinguish real and financial investments! ] †¢ Questions: What causes business cycles? How do we know that supply shifts more than demand? = Macroeconomic issues. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 12] Scenario: Increase in Expected Inflation †¢ Lower real cost of borrowing = More security issues (supply). †¢ Lower real return = Less savings (demand). Conclude: Fisher effect. †¢ Questions: What causes higher expected inflation? = Macroeconomic issue. Mishkin ch. 5 P. 13] Evidence on the Fisher Effect (Fits the data at least in the long-run) [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 14] Collect Open Questions †¢ Why does expected inflation change? Leading answer: Money growth. Not an exogenous disturbance. = Needs analysis. Topic: Money and Inflation. †¢ What causes business cycles? Many causes. Among them: â€Å"Mistakes† in monetary policy . = Needs analysis. Topic: Money and Output. †¢ Agenda: 1. Reinforce the lessons on demand and supply: More examples. 2. Examine how monetary policy influences inflation and output. 3. Return to the interest rates – remainder of Mishkin ch. 5 [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 15] Applications of Asset Demand Supply Analysis 1. A Classic: The â€Å"Flight to Quality† (Lesson: Asset demand is relative) Stock Market Price Supply Price Bond Market Supply Demand Stocks Demand Bonds 1987 stock market crash: stocks - flight to bonds 1994 Mexican Peso crisis: emerging market stocks - to US stocks and bonds 1997 Asian crisis: Asian stocks and bonds - to US and Europeans stocks and bonds 1998 Russian default: risky bonds (foreign and US low quality) - to US Treasury bonds . The Term Structure of interest rates: (Mishkin ch. 6, part 2) Defer discussion, raises macro issues. [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 16] 3. The Risk-structure of interest rates: (Mishkin ch. 6, part 1) Good measures of riskiness: Bond Ratings Good measures of promised return: Yield to maturity. Find: (1) Changes in risk = Changes in relative yields (2) Holding risk constant, yields move together 4. The Stock Marke t Crash of 1987 Can we always assume that demand is downward sloping? . The Market for Foreign Exchange (Mishkin ch. 17. Much improved in 8ed. ) Exchange rate = Relative price of different country’s financial assets Demand = Function of relative return, risk, and liquidity Supply = Fixed in short run (apart from official interventions – later) More later if time – for now, note one key point: High US interest rates relative to foreign interest rates increase the demand for dollar assets = Stronger dollar [Mishkin ch. 5 P. 17]

Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension Essays - Classical Mechanics

Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension Essays - Classical Mechanics Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension 1 / 4 Chapter 2: Motion in one dimension The study of motion and of physical concepts such as force and mass is called dynamics. The part of dynamics that describes motion without regard to its causes is called kinematics. The purpose of this chapter is to describe motion using the concepts of displacement, velocity, and acceleration. For the sake of simplicity, we begin with the study of 1-dimensional motion. 1) Displacement Motion involves the displacement of an object from one place in space and time to another. Describing the motion requires some convenient coordinate system and a specified origin. A frame of reference is a choice of coordinate axes that defines the starting point for measuring any quantity. Ex: Consider a body moving in 1-dimension; a train traveling down a straight railroad track: The x-coordinate of the train at any time describes its position in space. The displacement of an object is defined as its change in position, and is given by: SI unit: meter (m) where the initial position of the object is labeled and the final position is . Note: The displacement of an object is not the same as the distance it travels: when you toss a ball 1 m up and you catch it; the displacement is zero but the distance covered by the ball is 2 m. Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension 2 / 4 2) Velocity 2.1) Speed vs velocity In day-to-day usage, the terms speed and velocity are interchangeable. In physics, however, theres a clear distinction between them: Speed is a scalar quantity, having only magnitude, while velocity is a vector, having both magnitude and direction. 2.2) Average speed The average speed of an object over a given time interval is defined as the total distance traveled divided by the total time elapsed: Average speed is always positive. 2.3) Average velocity a) Definition The average velocity during a time interval t is the displacement divided by t : The average velocity of an object in one dimension can be either positive or negative, depending on the sign of the displacement. Example 1: If you run from x = 0 m to x = 25 m and back to your starting point in a time interval of 5 s. Compare your average speed with your average velocity. 2.4) Instantaneous velocity Average velocity doesnt take into account the details of what happens during an interval of time. To do so, we use the concept of instantaneous velocity. The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as the time interval becomes infinitesimally small: SI unit: (m/s) 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h. SI unit: (m/s) SI unit: (m/s) Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension 3 / 4 3) Acceleration The changing of an objects velocity with time is called acceleration. The instantaneous acceleration is given by: 4) One dimensional Motion with constant velocity For a 1-D motion with constant velocity, the kinematic equation of motion is given by: 5) One dimensional Motion with constant acceleration For a 1-D motion with constant acceleration, the Kinematics equations are: We can also use: Example 2: A race car starting from rest accelerates at a constant rate of 5 m/s. 1) What is the velocity of the car after it has traveled 30.5 m? 2) How much time has elapsed? 3) Calculate the average velocity two different ways. Example 3: A typical jetliner lands at a speed of 71.5 m/s and decelerates at the rate of 4.47 m/s. If the plane travels at a constant speed of 71.5 m/s for 1.00 s after landing before applying the brakes, what is the total displacement of the aircraft between touchdown on the runway and coming to rest? 6) Freely falling objects A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity alone, regardless of its initial motion. Ex: Objects thrown upward, downward or released from rest. If we neglect air resistance and assume that the free-fall acceleration doesnt vary with altitude over short vertical distances, then the motion of a freely falling object is the same as motion in one dimension under constant acceleration. If we choose the up-direction as the +y-direction: SI unit: (m/s2 ) for constant a Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension 4 / 4 The kinematics equations of motion with the y-variable are: Example 4: A stone is thrown from the top of a building with an initial velocity of straight upward, at an initial height of above the ground. The stone just misses the edge of the roof on its way down, as shown in the figure. Neglect air drag. Determine: 1) the

History 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History 2 - Essay Example As in earlier novels, Grass uses Crabwalk to ask whether subsequent generations of German citizens have adequately dealt with the horrors of the Third Reich. The nation's policy of remorse does not provide the analysis and the assumption of personal responsibility which Grass thinks is necessary. In the deftly-woven plot of Crabwalk, shortsightedness and regret characterize modern Germany, but this vision is far more bleak than the reality. This essay will look at the protagonist Paul Pokriefke – namely his relationships with his mother and son – as well as the significance of the sinking of the MV Wilhelm Gustloff. Germany's reaction to its past is an issue which has not been left dormant over the seventy years since the war. The Reader, written by Bernhard Schlink in 1995 and made into a film in 2008, is just one other of the Vergangenheitsbewaltigung genre, in which German writers struggle to come to terms with their collective past. The problem to be resolved is tha t different factions of society obviously have different solutions for how to deal with the repercussions of the Third Reich. ... The first step of this process is portrayed in Tulla's relationship with her son. Paul refuses to believe his mother's statement that she went into labor with him when the ship MV Wilhelm Gustloff began to sink, attributing this to her sense of drama rather than actual fact. The repercussions of Paul's secret disbelief of his mother will be discussed below. In general terms, Tulla's demand of Paul that he write a history of the capsizing reflects her generation's incapability to deal with Nazism, and the way this responsibility was handed off to a generation who felt equally as unable, as well as far less culpable. In The Reader, Bernhard Schlink expresses the reaction of the second generation as a complete laying of the blame on the silent parents, regardless of whether they had actually been personally involved in the Nazi regime. This approach is just as untenable and unfair as Grass's insistence that the blame should be taken on the shoulders of subsequent generations. Paul's rel ationship with his mother portrays the uneasy dysfunction between those who lived through Nazism and those who came immediately after it. Tulla's silence, coupled with her wish that her son break that silence for her, creates an unhappy family and an unhappy country. This silence, borne of shame, means that following generations will not fully understand the evil of Nazism – the oft-repeated and almost clicheic statement that â€Å"those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it† (George Santayana) is wholly appropriate in the case of Konrad. Grass's antagonist is Konrad Pokriefke, Paul's estranged son, whose close relationship with his